给定一个可能包含重复项的字符串,编写一个函数来打印给定字符串的所有排列,以便在输出中不重复任何排列。 例如:
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Input: str[] = "AB"Output: AB BAInput: str[] = "AA"Output: AAInput: str[] = "ABC"Output: ABC ACB BAC BCA CBA CABInput: str[] = "ABA"Output: ABA AAB BAAInput: str[] = "ABCA"Output: AABC AACB ABAC ABCA ACBA ACAB BAAC BACA BCAA CABA CAAB CBAA
我们在下面的帖子中讨论了打印所有排列的算法。强烈建议将以下帖子作为该帖子的先决条件。 编写一个C程序来打印给定字符串的所有排列 上面链接中讨论的算法不处理重复项。
CPP
// Program to print all permutations of a // string in sorted order. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> /* Following function is needed for library function qsort(). */ int compare( const void * a, const void * b) { return (*( char *)a - *( char *)b); } // A utility function two swap two characters // a and b void swap( char * a, char * b) { char t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; } // This function finds the index of the // smallest character which is greater // than 'first' and is present in str[l..h] int findCeil( char str[], char first, int l, int h) { // initialize index of ceiling element int ceilIndex = l; // Now iterate through rest of the // elements and find the smallest // character greater than 'first' for ( int i = l + 1; i <= h; i++) if (str[i] > first && str[i] < str[ceilIndex]) ceilIndex = i; return ceilIndex; } // Print all permutations of str in sorted order void sortedPermutations( char str[]) { // Get size of string int size = strlen (str); // Sort the string in increasing order qsort (str, size, sizeof (str[0]), compare); // Print permutations one by one bool isFinished = false ; while (!isFinished) { // print this permutation static int x = 1; printf ( "%d %s " , x++, str); // Find the rightmost character // which is smaller than its next // character. Let us call it 'first // char' int i; for (i = size - 2; i >= 0; --i) if (str[i] < str[i + 1]) break ; // If there is no such character, all // are sorted in decreasing order, // means we just printed the last // permutation and we are done. if (i == -1) isFinished = true ; else { // Find the ceil of 'first char' // in right of first character. // Ceil of a character is the // smallest character greater // than it int ceilIndex = findCeil(str, str[i], i + 1, size - 1); // Swap first and second characters swap(&str[i], &str[ceilIndex]); // Sort the string on right of 'first char' qsort (str + i + 1, size - i - 1, sizeof (str[0]), compare); } } } // Driver program to test above function int main() { char str[] = "ACBC" ; sortedPermutations(str); return 0; } |
输出
1 ABCC 2 ACBC 3 ACCB 4 BACC 5 BCAC 6 BCCA 7 CABC 8 CACB 9 CBAC 10 CBCA 11 CCAB 12 CCBA
以上代码摘自Lazy先生的以下评论。 时间复杂度:O(n) 2. *n!) 辅助空间:O(1)
上述算法的时间复杂度为O(n2*n!)但我们可以通过对该算法进行一些修改,获得更好的时间复杂度O(n!*n),这在输入中所有不同字符的情况下都存在。独特字符算法可在此处找到—— https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-print-all-permutations-of-a-given-string/
有效方法: 在查找所有排列的递归函数中,我们可以使用无序_集来处理活动字符串中剩余的重复元素。在对字符串的元素进行迭代时,我们将在无序_集中检查该元素,如果找到它,我们将跳过该迭代,否则我们将把该元素插入无序_集中。由于所有无序_集操作,如insert()和find()平均都在O(1)时间内,因此使用无序_集不会改变算法的时间复杂度。
算法实现如下——
C++
#include <algorithm> #include <iostream> #include <unordered_set> using namespace std; void printAllPermutationsFast(string s, string l) { if (s.length() < 1) { cout << l + s << endl; } unordered_set< char > uset; for ( int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) { if (uset.find(s[i]) != uset.end()) { continue ; } else { uset.insert(s[i]); } string temp = "" ; if (i < s.length() - 1) { temp = s.substr(0, i) + s.substr(i + 1); } else { temp = s.substr(0, i); } printAllPermutationsFast(temp, l + s[i]); } } int main() { string s = "ACBC" ; sort(s.begin(), s.end()); printAllPermutationsFast(s, "" ); return 0; } |
输出
ABCCACBCACCBBACCBCACBCCACABCCACBCBACCBCACCABCCBA
时间复杂度–O(n*n!) 辅助空间–O(n)
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