打印给定字符串的所有不同排列,并使用重复项

给定一个可能包含重复项的字符串,编写一个函数来打印给定字符串的所有排列,以便在输出中不重复任何排列。 例如:

null
Input:  str[] = "AB"Output: AB BAInput:  str[] = "AA"Output: AAInput:  str[] = "ABC"Output: ABC ACB BAC BCA CBA CABInput:  str[] = "ABA"Output: ABA AAB BAAInput:  str[] = "ABCA"Output: AABC AACB ABAC ABCA ACBA ACAB BAAC BACA         BCAA CABA CAAB CBAA

我们在下面的帖子中讨论了打印所有排列的算法。强烈建议将以下帖子作为该帖子的先决条件。 编写一个C程序来打印给定字符串的所有排列 上面链接中讨论的算法不处理重复项。

CPP

// Program to print all permutations of a
// string in sorted order.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
/* Following function is needed for library
function qsort(). */
int compare( const void * a, const void * b)
{
return (*( char *)a - *( char *)b);
}
// A utility function two swap two characters
// a and b
void swap( char * a, char * b)
{
char t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}
// This function finds the index of the
// smallest character which is greater
// than 'first' and is present in str[l..h]
int findCeil( char str[], char first, int l, int h)
{
// initialize index of ceiling element
int ceilIndex = l;
// Now iterate through rest of the
// elements and find the smallest
// character greater than 'first'
for ( int i = l + 1; i <= h; i++)
if (str[i] > first && str[i] < str[ceilIndex])
ceilIndex = i;
return ceilIndex;
}
// Print all permutations of str in sorted order
void sortedPermutations( char str[])
{
// Get size of string
int size = strlen (str);
// Sort the string in increasing order
qsort (str, size, sizeof (str[0]), compare);
// Print permutations one by one
bool isFinished = false ;
while (!isFinished) {
// print this permutation
static int x = 1;
printf ( "%d  %s " , x++, str);
// Find the rightmost character
// which is smaller than its next
// character. Let us call it 'first
// char'
int i;
for (i = size - 2; i >= 0; --i)
if (str[i] < str[i + 1])
break ;
// If there is no such character, all
// are sorted in decreasing order,
// means we just printed the last
// permutation and we are done.
if (i == -1)
isFinished = true ;
else {
// Find the ceil of 'first char'
// in right of first character.
// Ceil of a character is the
// smallest character greater
// than it
int ceilIndex = findCeil(str,
str[i], i + 1, size - 1);
// Swap first and second characters
swap(&str[i], &str[ceilIndex]);
// Sort the string on right of 'first char'
qsort (str + i + 1, size - i - 1,
sizeof (str[0]), compare);
}
}
}
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
char str[] = "ACBC" ;
sortedPermutations(str);
return 0;
}


输出

1  ABCC 2  ACBC 3  ACCB 4  BACC 5  BCAC 6  BCCA 7  CABC 8  CACB 9  CBAC 10  CBCA 11  CCAB 12  CCBA 

以上代码摘自Lazy先生的以下评论。 时间复杂度:O(n) 2. *n!) 辅助空间:O(1)

上述算法的时间复杂度为O(n2*n!)但我们可以通过对该算法进行一些修改,获得更好的时间复杂度O(n!*n),这在输入中所有不同字符的情况下都存在。独特字符算法可在此处找到—— https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-print-all-permutations-of-a-given-string/

有效方法: 在查找所有排列的递归函数中,我们可以使用无序_集来处理活动字符串中剩余的重复元素。在对字符串的元素进行迭代时,我们将在无序_集中检查该元素,如果找到它,我们将跳过该迭代,否则我们将把该元素插入无序_集中。由于所有无序_集操作,如insert()和find()平均都在O(1)时间内,因此使用无序_集不会改变算法的时间复杂度。

算法实现如下——

C++

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <unordered_set>
using namespace std;
void printAllPermutationsFast(string s, string l)
{
if (s.length() < 1) {
cout << l + s << endl;
}
unordered_set< char > uset;
for ( int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
if (uset.find(s[i]) != uset.end()) {
continue ;
}
else {
uset.insert(s[i]);
}
string temp = "" ;
if (i < s.length() - 1) {
temp = s.substr(0, i) + s.substr(i + 1);
}
else {
temp = s.substr(0, i);
}
printAllPermutationsFast(temp, l + s[i]);
}
}
int main()
{
string s = "ACBC" ;
sort(s.begin(), s.end());
printAllPermutationsFast(s, "" );
return 0;
}


输出

ABCCACBCACCBBACCBCACBCCACABCCACBCBACCBCACCABCCBA

时间复杂度–O(n*n!) 辅助空间–O(n)

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